Cold Work Tool Steels Sourced numerical data plus engineering analysis

Material / Grade

1.2436

X210CrW12

1.2436 / X210CrW12 is a high-carbon, ~12% chromium ledeburitic cold-work tool steel. Its high hard-carbide fraction provides high wear and compressive-load capability, while toughness is moderate. Tungsten improves abrasive wear resistance versus conventional 1.2080-type steel.

Hardness potential98 / 100Comparison index

Toughness6 / 100Comparison index

Impact resistance5 / 100Comparison index

Bending resistance38 / 100Comparison index

Abrasive wear98 / 100Comparison index

Steel Overview

Complete introduction and metallurgical analysis

1.2436 / X210CrW12 belongs to Cold Work Tool Steels and selection centres on wear resistance, compressive strength and dimensional control in cold-work tooling.

1.2436 / X210CrW12 is a high-carbon, ~12% chromium ledeburitic cold-work tool steel. Its high hard-carbide fraction provides high wear and compressive-load capability, while toughness is moderate. Tungsten improves abrasive wear resistance versus conventional 1.2080-type steel.

The principal recorded elements are C≈2.1%, Si≈0.25%, Mn≈0.4%, P≈0.03%, S≈0.03%, Cr≈11.5%, W≈0.7%. Mid-range values support engineering interpretation and do not replace purchase limits.

The expected microstructure is tempered martensite containing a grade-dependent population of primary and secondary alloy carbides; delivery condition, section size, melt quality and processing history can change that state.

Comparison indices are hardness 98/100, toughness 6/100, impact 5/100, wear 98/100 and bending 38/100. These are internal indices, not standard test results.

The screening temperature range is 150–180 °C; strength or hardness loss, oxidation, exposure time and creep must be assessed separately.

A representative process route is soft annealing, staged preheating, austenitising, controlled quenching and one or more tempering cycles. Obtain actual temperatures, times and cooling media from the grade and product data sheet.

Manufacturing indices are weldability 20/100, machinability 33/100, corrosion resistance 22/100 and fatigue resistance 31/100; use them for screening only.

The principal risk is chipping, cracking, grinding damage or distortion when toughness and carbide volume are not matched to the tool. Evaluate geometry, surface condition, environment and the governing failure mechanism together.

A similar name or calculated relationship is not proof of interchangeability; match chemistry, specification, condition, heat treatment and MTC.

Engineering conclusion: 1.2436 / X210CrW12 is a rational candidate when high resistance to abrasive wear and plastic deformation in tooling matches the real load, environment and certified product condition.

Recorded standards:W.Nr 1.2436EN/DIN X210CrW12AISI ~D6

International Equivalents

International equivalents and designations

A close counterpart is not automatically interchangeable. Confirm chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, dimensions and heat treatment.

EN / DIN / ISOOfficial designation for the same grade

X210CrW12

A registered identity within the same grade record.

EN / W.NrOfficial designation for the same grade

1.2436

A registered identity within the same grade record.

DIN / W.NrClose counterpart requiring verification

1.2436

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

ENClose counterpart requiring verification

X210CrW12

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

BÖHLERClose counterpart requiring verification

BÖHLER K107

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

DörrenbergClose counterpart requiring verification

CPW

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

AISIClose counterpart requiring verification

~D6

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

JISClose counterpart requiring verification

SKD2

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

AISIClose counterpart requiring verification

D6

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

Chemical Composition

Chemical composition and the role of each element

The principal recorded elements are C≈2.1%, Si≈0.25%, Mn≈0.4%, P≈0.03%, S≈0.03%, Cr≈11.5%, W≈0.7%. Mid-range values support engineering interpretation and do not replace purchase limits. Composition is shown for screening and traceability. The current purchase standard and the heat-specific MTC remain authoritative.

Element	Weight-percent range	Metallurgical role and effect
C	2–2.3 %	Carbon raises hardness, strength and carbide potential; excessive carbon can reduce toughness and weldability.
Si	0.1–0.4 %	Silicon supports deoxidation and solid-solution strength and can influence tempering or oxidation response.
Mn	0.3–0.6 %	Manganese contributes to hardenability and sulfur control; its final effect depends on amount and processing.
P	≤ 0.03 %	Phosphorus is normally restricted because higher content can promote embrittlement and reduce toughness.
S	≤ 0.03 %	Sulfur may improve chip control in free-cutting grades but can reduce transverse toughness and weldability.
Cr	11–13 %	Chromium promotes hardenability and carbide formation and, at sufficient levels, corrosion or oxidation resistance.
W	0.6–0.8 %	Tungsten forms hard carbides and supports hot hardness and abrasive-wear resistance in tool steels.

EN ISO 4957 family; range cross-checked from published supplier data; BÖHLER K107 average analysis shown separately Sourced with conditions

Engineering Behaviour

Engineering behaviour and selection response

Hardness potential98 / 100

Soft-annealed hardness is about 250 HB max. After hardening at 950–980°C, very high initial hardness is obtained and decreases with tempering temperature. The steel is not a strong secondary-hardening grade, so tempering temperature directly affects final hardness and coating process window. Internal comparison index: 98/100.

Engineering analysis

Toughness6 / 100

Toughness has an internal index of 6/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Impact resistance5 / 100

Impact resistance has an internal index of 5/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Bending resistance38 / 100

Bending resistance has an internal index of 38/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Abrasive wear98 / 100

Abrasive wear resistance is a key strength. BÖHLER states that tungsten improves abrasive wear resistance compared with 1.2080, while the high hard-carbide fraction supports high wear performance. Moderate toughness can limit performance under impact or adhesive-wear dominated conditions. Internal comparison index: 98/100.

Engineering analysis

Corrosion resistance22 / 100

Despite ~12% chromium, this is not a stainless steel because the very high carbon content ties up substantial chromium in carbides. Surface protection is recommended in humid storage and corrosive environments. Internal comparison index: 22/100.

Engineering analysis

Weldability20 / 100

Weldability has an internal index of 20/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Machinability33 / 100

Machinability has an internal index of 33/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

High-temperature strength18 / 100

1.2436 is not a heat-resistant or creep steel. Continuous tool temperature should remain safely below the selected tempering temperature if hardness retention is required. A conservative engineering guide for low-tempered high-hardness tooling is roughly below 150–180°C; this is not a standard limit. Internal comparison index: 18/100.

Engineering analysis

Creep resistance14 / 100

Creep resistance has an internal index of 14/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Fatigue resistance31 / 100

Fatigue resistance has an internal index of 31/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Numerical scores are internal comparison indices. They are not standard test results, allowable design stresses or a manufacturer guarantee. Data Method

Hardness & Hardenability

Hardness and hardenability

Soft-annealed hardness is about 250 HB max. After hardening at 950–980°C, very high initial hardness is obtained and decreases with tempering temperature. The steel is not a strong secondary-hardening grade, so tempering temperature directly affects final hardness and coating process window. Internal screening index: 98/100 (very high).

98/100

very high

Comparison index

Governing factors

Chemistry and section size
Austenitising and quench severity
Tempering temperature and time
Test method and surface preparation

Data limits

Final acceptance requires the current standard, product form, dimensions, delivery condition and heat-specific MTC.

Impact & Toughness

Toughness, impact and fracture behaviour

Impact resistance is indexed at 5/100 and toughness at 6/100. These are not Charpy or Izod energy values; temperature, orientation, geometry and actual microstructure govern component behaviour.

5/100very lowComparison index

Microstructure, hardness and grain size influence impact tolerance.
Sharp radii, notches and surface defects reduce fracture resistance.
Test temperature, specimen direction and section must be identified.
For critical parts, accept impact energy only from a documented test of the same condition.

Temperature & Creep

Service temperature, thermal stability and creep

1.2436 is not a heat-resistant or creep steel. Continuous tool temperature should remain safely below the selected tempering temperature if hardness retention is required. A conservative engineering guide for low-tempered high-hardness tooling is roughly below 150–180°C; this is not a standard limit. 150–180 °C is a screening range or sourced limit according to its evidence label. Check strength loss, oxidation, creep, exposure time and environment.

Continuous service

180 °CSourced with conditions

Review the limit against strength or hardness loss and exposure time.

Intermittent service

Do not assign an intermittent limit without product-specific source data.

Tempering and phase stability

Working and coating temperatures must remain compatible with the tempering condition and required microstructure.

Oxidation and environment

Oxidation or corrosion may become limiting before the strength criterion.

Relative creep resistance14/100Comparison index

The relative creep index is 14/100 (very low). It is not an allowable creep stress or rupture-life value.

Do not select this grade for long-term static high-temperature loading from the internal index alone.

Wear & Surface Behaviour

Wear resistance and surface behaviour

Abrasive wear

Abrasive wear resistance is a key strength. BÖHLER states that tungsten improves abrasive wear resistance compared with 1.2080, while the high hard-carbide fraction supports high wear performance. Moderate toughness can limit performance under impact or adhesive-wear dominated conditions. The abrasive-wear index is 98/100; final hardness, carbides, microstructure, contact mode and lubrication govern actual resistance.

Comparison index

Adhesive wear

Assess adhesive wear with the counterface material, lubrication, roughness, pressure and temperature.

Engineering analysis

Surface improvement

Evaluate surface treatment or coating only after confirming compatibility with chemistry, substrate and process temperature.

Engineering guidance

Mechanical & Physical Properties

Mechanical and physical properties

The record contains 1 sourced mechanical-property rows; each applies only to its stated condition, dimensions and test temperature.

Property	Value	Condition	Dimension	Test temperature
Delivery hardness	≤ 250 HB	Annealed as cited	According to the product data sheet	20 °C

Sourced with conditions

Physical properties

Density≈ 7.7 kg/dm³Sourced with conditions

Thermal conductivity≈ 20 W/(m·K)Sourced with conditions

Specific heat≈ 0.46 kJ/(kg·K)Sourced with conditions

Electrical resistivity≈ 0.65 Ω·mm²/mSourced with conditions

Elastic modulus≈ 210 GPaSourced with conditions

Heat Treatment

Heat-treatment stages and process controls

The representative family route is soft annealing, staged preheating, austenitising, controlled quenching and one or more tempering cycles. Numerical temperatures are shown only when supported by the record.

1

Annealing / stress relief

800–850 °CSourced with conditions

Assess the supply condition, residual stress, section size and prior machining before selecting time and temperature.

Cooling: Air cooling

2

Heat-treatment stage

650–700 °CSourced with conditions

Confirm every numerical parameter from the current product and process specification.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

3

Preheating and austenitising

650–850 °CSourced with conditions

Set preheat steps and austenitising parameters from the grade/product data sheet and actual section size.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

4

Preheating and austenitising

950–980 °CSourced with conditions

Set preheat steps and austenitising parameters from the grade/product data sheet and actual section size.

Cooling: Oil quench

5

Tempering / property adjustment

150–500 °CSourced with conditions

Set tempering or ageing to the required hardness, toughness and service-temperature balance.

Cooling: Air cooling

6

Annealing / stress relief

Engineering guidance

Assess the supply condition, residual stress, section size and prior machining before selecting time and temperature.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

7

Preheating and austenitising

Engineering guidance

Set preheat steps and austenitising parameters from the grade/product data sheet and actual section size.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

8

Quenching / controlled cooling

Engineering guidance

Choose the quench medium and cooling severity against hardenability, geometry, distortion and crack risk.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

9

Tempering / property adjustment

Engineering guidance

Set tempering or ageing to the required hardness, toughness and service-temperature balance.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

10

Tempering / property adjustment

Engineering guidance

Set tempering or ageing to the required hardness, toughness and service-temperature balance.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Process control: Review delivery condition, actual section, equipment capability, crack and distortion risk and target hardness before approving the cycle.

Engineering Charts

Hardness, toughness, impact, temperature and process charts

Chemistry data retain their evidence label; 0–100 charts are internal indices and stages without temperature are process sequences.

Multi-axis engineering profile

Comparison index

Chemical composition

Derived from source data

Hardness–toughness balance

Comparison index

Toughness, impact and fatigue

Comparison index

Wear and surface response

Comparison index

Mechanical properties or comparison indices

Sourced with conditions

Service temperature

Sourced with conditions

Heat treatment

Sourced with conditions

Related-grade similarity

Comparison index

All comparison indices

Comparison index

Failure Modes & Selection

Potential failure modes and selection guidance

Potential failure mechanisms

chipping, cracking, grinding damage or distortion when toughness and carbide volume are not matched to the tool.
Fatigue initiation from surface defects, section transitions or stress concentration.
Property loss after unsuitable heat treatment, cooling or finishing.
Corrosion, oxidation or environmental attack when protection is inadequate.

Selection and design notes

Match designation, material number, product standard and supply form before purchase.
Compare the governing failure mechanism with hardness 98, toughness 6, impact 5 and wear 98 indices out of 100.
Use mechanical values only within their cited condition, dimensions and test temperature.
Confirm the heat-treatment route and target hardness with the processor before final machining.
Review the heat number, MTC and required test results before release.

Advantages & Limitations

Advantages, limitations and unsuitable applications

Advantages

high resistance to abrasive wear and plastic deformation in tooling.
A clearly labelled engineering profile supports comparison with related grades.
Grade identity, chemistry, counterparts and references remain traceable in one dossier.

Limitations and weaknesses

chipping, cracking, grinding damage or distortion when toughness and carbide volume are not matched to the tool.
A 0–100 index cannot be converted into design stress, impact energy or creep life.
Hardness and toughness depend on section, delivery condition and actual processing.
Do not approve a substitute before checking the product standard and heat-specific MTC.

Cases requiring caution or an alternative material

Critical design without condition- and section-specific test dataDirect substitution based only on name or similarity scoreLong-term creep service without sourced time–stress–temperature datachipping, cracking, grinding damage or distortion when toughness and carbide volume are not matched to the tool

Applications & Processing

Industrial applications and processing

Typical applications

Punches, dies and blanking tools
Industrial blades, knives and cutting tools
Cold-forming, drawing and cold-rolling tools
Plate, sheet and tubular products to the applicable product standard
Wear-resistant machine and surface-contact components
blanking and forming dies
punches, shear blades and gauges
cold extrusion and drawing tools

Manufacture, welding and surface engineering

Weldability has an internal index of 20/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Forming and forging depend on steel family, delivery condition and the grade-specific qualified temperature range.

Select nitriding, induction hardening or coating against chemistry, substrate hardness and application.
Keep coating-deposition temperature compatible with the tempering condition and substrate.
Control hydrogen embrittlement, residual stress and distortion in high-strength components.

Engineering Conclusion

Engineering conclusion and selection recommendation

1.2436 / X210CrW12 is worth evaluating when the principal need is high resistance to abrasive wear and plastic deformation in tooling. Internal indices of hardness 98/100, toughness 6/100, impact 5/100 and wear 98/100 must be aligned with the real failure mechanism. The leading risk is chipping, cracking, grinding damage or distortion when toughness and carbide volume are not matched to the tool. Final approval requires the current standard, product form, dimensions, delivery condition, heat treatment and heat-specific MTC.

Engineering analysis

Shaygan Steel — the right choice in alloy steel

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Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently asked questions

What is 1.2436 / X210CrW12 steel?

1.2436 / X210CrW12 is a high-carbon, ~12% chromium ledeburitic cold-work tool steel. Its high hard-carbide fraction provides high wear and compressive-load capability, while toughness is moderate. Tungsten improves abrasive wear resistance versus conventional 1.2080-type steel.

What are the main applications of 1.2436 / X210CrW12?

Application contexts include Punches, dies and blanking tools, Industrial blades, knives and cutting tools, Cold-forming, drawing and cold-rolling tools and Plate, sheet and tubular products to the applicable product standard, subject to the product standard and actual condition.

How hard can 1.2436 / X210CrW12 be?

Soft-annealed hardness is about 250 HB max. After hardening at 950–980°C, very high initial hardness is obtained and decreases with tempering temperature. The steel is not a strong secondary-hardening grade, so tempering temperature directly affects final hardness and coating process window. Internal screening index: 98/100 (very high).

Is 1.2436 / X210CrW12 suitable for impact loading?

Impact resistance is indexed at 5/100 and toughness at 6/100. These are not Charpy or Izod energy values; temperature, orientation, geometry and actual microstructure govern component behaviour.

What is the service-temperature limit of 1.2436 / X210CrW12?

1.2436 is not a heat-resistant or creep steel. Continuous tool temperature should remain safely below the selected tempering temperature if hardness retention is required. A conservative engineering guide for low-tempered high-hardness tooling is roughly below 150–180°C; this is not a standard limit. 150–180 °C is a screening range or sourced limit according to its evidence label. Check strength loss, oxidation, creep, exposure time and environment.

Can 1.2436 / X210CrW12 be replaced by a close grade?

Approve substitution only after matching chemistry, specification, product form, condition, heat treatment and MTC.

Steel Comparison

Engineering steel comparison

Compare this grade with any other dossier. Scores from 0 to 100 are internal screening indices, not laboratory values or allowable design stresses.

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Current-grade heat treatment

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Limitations

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Limitations

Select a second grade to update the comparison.

Sources & Evidence

Sources, methodology and evidence

Sources support grade identity, recorded values or the engineering method. General guidance does not replace product-specific certification.

Grade-specific sources

BÖHLER K107 official datasheetManufacturer data sheet · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: manufacturer datasheet.

BÖHLER K107 official product pageManufacturer Product Page · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: manufacturer product page.

Dörrenberg 1.2436 / CPW datasheetManufacturer data sheet · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: manufacturer datasheet.

Uddeholm cold-work steel program — W.Nr. 1.2436Manufacturer Program · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: manufacturer program.

Interfer 1.2436 datasheetStandard Range Crosscheck · Tier B

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: standard range crosscheck.

stahldaten.deOfficial material-number register · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: official material number register.

Methodology and analysis sources

TWI — Carbon equivalent formulae in relation to hydrogen cracking

Reference supporting the calculation method or the limits of the engineering analysis.

Outokumpu — Corrosion resistance and PRE/PREN

Reference supporting the calculation method or the limits of the engineering analysis.

Uddeholm — Cold work tooling technical guide

Reference supporting the calculation method or the limits of the engineering analysis.

Ovako Steel Navigator — Steel grades and material data sheets

Reference supporting the calculation method or the limits of the engineering analysis.

Laxcon Steels open grade dataset — CC BY 4.0

Reference supporting the calculation method or the limits of the engineering analysis.

Uddeholm — Orvar Supreme product data sheet

Reference supporting the calculation method or the limits of the engineering analysis.

Dossier reviewed: 2026-08-25 · Evidence status: Sourced numerical data plus engineering analysis

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