Duplex Stainless Steels Sourced numerical data plus engineering analysis

Material / Grade

1.4162

Forta LDX 2101

1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 is a Duplex Stainless Steels grade centred on high yield strength with strong chloride and stress-corrosion resistance from a duplex structure. This dossier separates sourced values from engineering guidance and comparison indices.

Hardness potential39 / 100Comparison index

Toughness72 / 100Comparison index

Impact resistance74 / 100Comparison index

Bending resistance90 / 100Comparison index

Abrasive wear51 / 100Comparison index

Steel Overview

Complete introduction and metallurgical analysis

1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 belongs to Duplex Stainless Steels and selection centres on high yield strength with strong chloride and stress-corrosion resistance from a duplex structure.

The principal recorded elements are C≈0.03%, Cr≈21.5%, Ni≈1.5%, Mo≈0.3%, N≈0.22%. Mid-range values support engineering interpretation and do not replace purchase limits.

The expected microstructure is a controlled balance of ferrite and austenite, protected from harmful intermetallic phases; delivery condition, section size, melt quality and processing history can change that state.

Comparison indices are hardness 39/100, toughness 72/100, impact 74/100, wear 51/100 and bending 90/100. These are internal indices, not standard test results.

The screening temperature range is 0–300 °C; strength or hardness loss, oxidation, exposure time and creep must be assessed separately.

A representative process route is solution annealing and rapid cooling, with welding heat input and interpass temperature controlled. Obtain actual temperatures, times and cooling media from the grade and product data sheet.

Manufacturing indices are weldability 68/100, machinability 33/100, corrosion resistance 80/100 and fatigue resistance 67/100; use them for screening only.

The principal risk is loss of phase balance, embrittlement or corrosion resistance after an unsuitable thermal cycle. Evaluate geometry, surface condition, environment and the governing failure mechanism together.

A similar name or calculated relationship is not proof of interchangeability; match chemistry, specification, condition, heat treatment and MTC.

Engineering conclusion: 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 is a rational candidate when high strength and resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and chloride SCC matches the real load, environment and certified product condition.

Recorded standards:EN 1.4162UNS S32101

International Equivalents

International equivalents and designations

A close counterpart is not automatically interchangeable. Confirm chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, dimensions and heat treatment.

StandardOfficial designation for the same grade

Forta LDX 2101

A registered identity within the same grade record.

EN / W.NrOfficial designation for the same grade

1.4162

A registered identity within the same grade record.

OutokumpuClose counterpart requiring verification

Forta LDX 2101

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

EN/W.NrOfficial designation for the same grade

1.4162

A registered identity within the same grade record.

UNSClose counterpart requiring verification

S32101

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

Chemical Composition

Chemical composition and the role of each element

The principal recorded elements are C≈0.03%, Cr≈21.5%, Ni≈1.5%, Mo≈0.3%, N≈0.22%. Mid-range values support engineering interpretation and do not replace purchase limits. Composition is shown for screening and traceability. The current purchase standard and the heat-specific MTC remain authoritative.

Element	Weight-percent range	Metallurgical role and effect
C	≈ 0.03 %	Carbon raises hardness, strength and carbide potential; excessive carbon can reduce toughness and weldability.
Cr	≈ 21.5 %	Chromium promotes hardenability and carbide formation and, at sufficient levels, corrosion or oxidation resistance.
Ni	≈ 1.5 %	Nickel generally improves toughness and through-section response and stabilises austenite in stainless systems.
Mo	≈ 0.3 %	Molybdenum improves hardenability and temper resistance and can support hot strength or pitting resistance.
N	≈ 0.22 %	Nitrogen strengthens austenitic stainless steel and contributes strongly to pitting resistance and phase balance.

Outokumpu range datasheet — typical chemical composition, % by mass Sourced with conditions

Engineering Behaviour

Engineering behaviour and selection response

Hardness potential39 / 100

Duplex; heat treatment preserves ferrite/austenite balance rather than martensitic hardening. Internal comparison index: 39/100.

Engineering analysis

Toughness72 / 100

Toughness has an internal index of 72/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Impact resistance74 / 100

Impact resistance has an internal index of 74/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Bending resistance90 / 100

Bending resistance has an internal index of 90/100 (very high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Abrasive wear51 / 100

Abrasive wear has an internal index of 51/100 (moderate). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Corrosion resistance80 / 100

Corrosion resistance has an internal index of 80/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Weldability68 / 100

Weldability has an internal index of 68/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Machinability33 / 100

Machinability has an internal index of 33/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

High-temperature strength39 / 100

Temperature behavior is grade- and environment-specific; no single universal maximum service temperature applies. Internal comparison index: 39/100.

Engineering analysis

Creep resistance36 / 100

Creep resistance has an internal index of 36/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Fatigue resistance67 / 100

Fatigue resistance has an internal index of 67/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Numerical scores are internal comparison indices. They are not standard test results, allowable design stresses or a manufacturer guarantee. Data Method

Hardness & Hardenability

Hardness and hardenability

Duplex; heat treatment preserves ferrite/austenite balance rather than martensitic hardening. Internal screening index: 39/100 (low).

39/100

low

Comparison index

Governing factors

Chemistry and section size
Austenitising and quench severity
Tempering temperature and time
Test method and surface preparation

Data limits

Final acceptance requires the current standard, product form, dimensions, delivery condition and heat-specific MTC.

Impact & Toughness

Toughness, impact and fracture behaviour

Impact resistance is indexed at 74/100 and toughness at 72/100. These are not Charpy or Izod energy values; temperature, orientation, geometry and actual microstructure govern component behaviour.

74/100highComparison index

Microstructure, hardness and grain size influence impact tolerance.
Sharp radii, notches and surface defects reduce fracture resistance.
Test temperature, specimen direction and section must be identified.
For critical parts, accept impact energy only from a documented test of the same condition.

Temperature & Creep

Service temperature, thermal stability and creep

Temperature behavior is grade- and environment-specific; no single universal maximum service temperature applies. 0–300 °C is a screening range or sourced limit according to its evidence label. Check strength loss, oxidation, creep, exposure time and environment.

Continuous service

0–300 °CEngineering guidance

Review the limit against strength or hardness loss and exposure time.

Intermittent service

Do not assign an intermittent limit without product-specific source data.

Tempering and phase stability

Working and coating temperatures must remain compatible with the tempering condition and required microstructure.

Oxidation and environment

Oxidation or corrosion may become limiting before the strength criterion.

Relative creep resistance36/100Comparison index

The relative creep index is 36/100 (low). It is not an allowable creep stress or rupture-life value.

Do not select this grade for long-term static high-temperature loading from the internal index alone.

Wear & Surface Behaviour

Wear resistance and surface behaviour

Abrasive wear

The abrasive-wear index is 51/100; final hardness, carbides, microstructure, contact mode and lubrication govern actual resistance.

Comparison index

Adhesive wear

Assess adhesive wear with the counterface material, lubrication, roughness, pressure and temperature.

Engineering analysis

Surface improvement

Evaluate surface treatment or coating only after confirming compatibility with chemistry, substrate and process temperature.

Engineering guidance

Mechanical & Physical Properties

Mechanical and physical properties

The record contains 2 sourced mechanical-property rows; each applies only to its stated condition, dimensions and test temperature.

Property	Value	Condition	Dimension	Test temperature
Yield strength Rp0.2	≥ 530 MPa	Cold-rolled strip in the cited product condition	According to the product data sheet	20 °C
Elongation A	≥ 20 %	Reference elongation in manufacturer table	According to the product data sheet	20 °C

Sourced with conditions

Physical properties

Density≈ 7.7 g/cm³Sourced with conditions

Elastic modulus≈ 205 GPaSourced with conditions

Thermal expansion 20–100°C≈ 13 ×10⁻⁶/KSourced with conditions

Thermal conductivity≈ 15 W/m·KSourced with conditions

Heat capacity≈ 500 J/kg·KSourced with conditions

Electrical resistivity≈ 0.75 Ω·mm²/mSourced with conditions

Heat Treatment

Heat-treatment stages and process controls

The representative family route is solution annealing and rapid cooling, with welding heat input and interpass temperature controlled. Numerical temperatures are shown only when supported by the record.

Annealing / stress relief

950–1120 °CSourced with conditions

Assess the supply condition, residual stress, section size and prior machining before selecting time and temperature.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Annealing / stress relief

Engineering guidance

Assess the supply condition, residual stress, section size and prior machining before selecting time and temperature.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Preheating and austenitising

Engineering guidance

Set preheat steps and austenitising parameters from the grade/product data sheet and actual section size.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Quenching / controlled cooling

Engineering guidance

Choose the quench medium and cooling severity against hardenability, geometry, distortion and crack risk.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Tempering / property adjustment

Engineering guidance

Set tempering or ageing to the required hardness, toughness and service-temperature balance.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Process control: Review delivery condition, actual section, equipment capability, crack and distortion risk and target hardness before approving the cycle.

Engineering Charts

Hardness, toughness, impact, temperature and process charts

Chemistry data retain their evidence label; 0–100 charts are internal indices and stages without temperature are process sequences.

Multi-axis engineering profile

Comparison index

Chemical composition

Derived from source data

Hardness–toughness balance

Comparison index

Toughness, impact and fatigue

Comparison index

Wear and surface response

Comparison index

Mechanical properties or comparison indices

Sourced with conditions

Service temperature

Engineering guidance

Heat treatment

Sourced with conditions

Related-grade similarity

Comparison index

All comparison indices

Comparison index

Failure Modes & Selection

Potential failure modes and selection guidance

Potential failure mechanisms

loss of phase balance, embrittlement or corrosion resistance after an unsuitable thermal cycle.
Fatigue initiation from surface defects, section transitions or stress concentration.
Property loss after unsuitable heat treatment, cooling or finishing.
Corrosion, oxidation or environmental attack when protection is inadequate.

Selection and design notes

Match designation, material number, product standard and supply form before purchase.
Compare the governing failure mechanism with hardness 39, toughness 72, impact 74 and wear 51 indices out of 100.
Use mechanical values only within their cited condition, dimensions and test temperature.
Confirm the heat-treatment route and target hardness with the processor before final machining.
Review the heat number, MTC and required test results before release.

Derived calculations

Pitting-resistance equivalent PREN (indicative)26 Calculated

Calculated from recorded inputs; apply only within the stated formula scope and limitations.

Advantages & Limitations

Advantages, limitations and unsuitable applications

Advantages

high strength and resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and chloride SCC.
A clearly labelled engineering profile supports comparison with related grades.
Grade identity, chemistry, counterparts and references remain traceable in one dossier.

Limitations and weaknesses

loss of phase balance, embrittlement or corrosion resistance after an unsuitable thermal cycle.
A 0–100 index cannot be converted into design stress, impact energy or creep life.
Hardness and toughness depend on section, delivery condition and actual processing.
Do not approve a substitute before checking the product standard and heat-specific MTC.

Cases requiring caution or an alternative material

Critical design without condition- and section-specific test dataDirect substitution based only on name or similarity scoreLong-term creep service without sourced time–stress–temperature dataloss of phase balance, embrittlement or corrosion resistance after an unsuitable thermal cycle

Applications & Processing

Industrial applications and processing

Typical applications

Chemical and process equipment, tanks and piping
Marine, chloride-bearing and desalination service
Oil and gas equipment
Valves, pumps and flanges
Structures, bridges, profiles and transmission components
Plate, sheet and tubular products to the applicable product standard
oil, gas and chemical process equipment
desalination and seawater systems

Manufacture, welding and surface engineering

Weldability has an internal index of 68/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Forming and forging depend on steel family, delivery condition and the grade-specific qualified temperature range.

Clean and passivate after fabrication or welding where the specification requires it.
Electropolishing may be used where cleanliness or corrosion performance requires it.
Prevent free-iron contamination and preserve the specified surface condition.

Engineering Conclusion

Engineering conclusion and selection recommendation

1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 is worth evaluating when the principal need is high strength and resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and chloride SCC. Internal indices of hardness 39/100, toughness 72/100, impact 74/100 and wear 51/100 must be aligned with the real failure mechanism. The leading risk is loss of phase balance, embrittlement or corrosion resistance after an unsuitable thermal cycle. Final approval requires the current standard, product form, dimensions, delivery condition, heat treatment and heat-specific MTC.

Engineering analysis

Shaygan Steel — the right choice in alloy steel

Compare with other steels View similar steels

Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently asked questions

What is 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 steel?

What are the main applications of 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101?

Application contexts include Chemical and process equipment, tanks and piping, Marine, chloride-bearing and desalination service, Oil and gas equipment and Valves, pumps and flanges, subject to the product standard and actual condition.

How hard can 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 be?

Duplex; heat treatment preserves ferrite/austenite balance rather than martensitic hardening. Internal screening index: 39/100 (low).

Is 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 suitable for impact loading?

Impact resistance is indexed at 74/100 and toughness at 72/100. These are not Charpy or Izod energy values; temperature, orientation, geometry and actual microstructure govern component behaviour.

What is the service-temperature limit of 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101?

Can 1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101 be replaced by a close grade?

Approve substitution only after matching chemistry, specification, product form, condition, heat treatment and MTC.

Steel Comparison

Engineering steel comparison

Compare this grade with any other dossier. Scores from 0 to 100 are internal screening indices, not laboratory values or allowable design stresses.

Close suggestions:

Search for the second steel

Current grade1.4162 / Forta LDX 2101Duplex Stainless Steels

Selected grade1.4362 / Forta DX 2304Duplex Stainless Steels

Current-grade chemistry

Second-grade chemistry

Current-grade heat treatment

Second-grade heat treatment

Current-grade applications

Limitations

Second-grade applications

Limitations

Select a second grade to update the comparison.

Sources & Evidence

Sources, methodology and evidence

Sources support grade identity, recorded values or the engineering method. General guidance does not replace product-specific certification.

Grade-specific sources

Outokumpu Forta rangeManufacturer Range Page · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: manufacturer range page.

View source

Outokumpu Forta range datasheetManufacturer data sheet · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: manufacturer datasheet.

View source

stahldaten.deOfficial material-number register · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: official material number register.

View source