Martensitic Stainless Steels Official identity plus sourced composition

Material / Grade

AISI 414

Martensitic stainless steel, heat-treatable to high hardness with lower corrosion resistance than austenitic grades.

Hardness potential70 / 100Comparison index

Toughness49 / 100Comparison index

Impact resistance50 / 100Comparison index

Bending resistance65 / 100Comparison index

Abrasive wear70 / 100Comparison index

Steel Overview

Complete introduction and metallurgical analysis

AISI 414 belongs to Martensitic Stainless Steels and selection centres on heat-treatable hardness and strength with moderate stainless corrosion resistance.

Martensitic stainless steel, heat-treatable to high hardness with lower corrosion resistance than austenitic grades.

The principal recorded elements are C≈0.15%, Mn≈1%, Si≈1%, Cr≈12.5%, Ni≈1.875%, S≈0.03%, P≈0.04%. Mid-range values support engineering interpretation and do not replace purchase limits.

The expected microstructure is tempered martensite with carbides and retained austenite controlled by the hardening and tempering cycle; delivery condition, section size, melt quality and processing history can change that state.

Comparison indices are hardness 70/100, toughness 49/100, impact 50/100, wear 70/100 and bending 65/100. These are internal indices, not standard test results.

The screening temperature range is 250–600 °C; strength or hardness loss, oxidation, exposure time and creep must be assessed separately.

A representative process route is austenitising, quenching and tempering, followed by surface finishing and passivation where appropriate. Obtain actual temperatures, times and cooling media from the grade and product data sheet.

Manufacturing indices are weldability 10/100, machinability 43/100, corrosion resistance 54/100 and fatigue resistance 53/100; use them for screening only.

The principal risk is reduced toughness, weld cracking or localised corrosion when maximum hardness is pursued without process control. Evaluate geometry, surface condition, environment and the governing failure mechanism together.

A similar name or calculated relationship is not proof of interchangeability; match chemistry, specification, condition, heat treatment and MTC.

Engineering conclusion: AISI 414 is a rational candidate when a useful combination of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance matches the real load, environment and certified product condition.

Recorded standards:AISI tool/stainless designation — verify governing ASTM/SAE/product specification

International Equivalents

International equivalents and designations

A close counterpart is not automatically interchangeable. Confirm chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, dimensions and heat treatment.

AISI / SAEOfficial designation for the same grade

AISI 414

A registered identity within the same grade record.

PrimaryOfficial designation for the same grade

AISI 414

A registered identity within the same grade record.

AISI shorthandOfficial designation for the same grade

414

A registered identity within the same grade record.

UNSClose counterpart requiring verification

UNS S41400

Match chemistry, product standard, delivery condition, heat treatment and MTC before substitution.

Chemical Composition

Chemical composition and the role of each element

The principal recorded elements are C≈0.15%, Mn≈1%, Si≈1%, Cr≈12.5%, Ni≈1.875%, S≈0.03%, P≈0.04%. Mid-range values support engineering interpretation and do not replace purchase limits. Composition is shown for screening and traceability. The current purchase standard and the heat-specific MTC remain authoritative.

Element	Weight-percent range	Metallurgical role and effect
C	≤ 0.15 %	Carbon raises hardness, strength and carbide potential; excessive carbon can reduce toughness and weldability.
Mn	≤ 1 %	Manganese contributes to hardenability and sulfur control; its final effect depends on amount and processing.
Si	≤ 1 %	Silicon supports deoxidation and solid-solution strength and can influence tempering or oxidation response.
Cr	11.5–13.5 %	Chromium promotes hardenability and carbide formation and, at sufficient levels, corrosion or oxidation resistance.
Ni	1.25–2.5 %	Nickel generally improves toughness and through-section response and stabilises austenite in stainless systems.
S	≤ 0.03 %	Sulfur may improve chip control in free-cutting grades but can reduce transverse toughness and weldability.
P	≤ 0.04 %	Phosphorus is normally restricted because higher content can promote embrittlement and reduce toughness.

Laxcon open grade reference; stainless composition limits Sourced with conditions

Engineering Behaviour

Engineering behaviour and selection response

Hardness potential70 / 100

Hardness and hardenability are condition-dependent; numeric values require grade-specific heat-treatment context. Internal comparison index: 70/100.

Engineering analysis

Toughness49 / 100

Toughness has an internal index of 49/100 (moderate). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Impact resistance50 / 100

Impact resistance has an internal index of 50/100 (moderate). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Bending resistance65 / 100

Bending resistance has an internal index of 65/100 (high). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Abrasive wear70 / 100

Wear resistance depends on hardness, microstructure/carbides and the wear mechanism. Internal comparison index: 70/100.

Engineering analysis

Corrosion resistance54 / 100

Moderate and heat-treatment-dependent corrosion resistance, generally below common austenitic grades. Internal comparison index: 54/100.

Engineering analysis

Weldability10 / 100

Weldability has an internal index of 10/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Machinability43 / 100

Machinability has an internal index of 43/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

High-temperature strength40 / 100

Temperature-dependent properties require grade-specific condition and test data. Internal comparison index: 40/100.

Engineering analysis

Creep resistance32 / 100

Creep resistance has an internal index of 32/100 (low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Fatigue resistance53 / 100

Fatigue resistance has an internal index of 53/100 (moderate). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Engineering analysis

Numerical scores are internal comparison indices. They are not standard test results, allowable design stresses or a manufacturer guarantee. Data Method

Hardness & Hardenability

Hardness and hardenability

Hardness and hardenability are condition-dependent; numeric values require grade-specific heat-treatment context. Internal screening index: 70/100 (high).

70/100

high

Comparison index

Governing factors

Chemistry and section size
Austenitising and quench severity
Tempering temperature and time
Test method and surface preparation

Data limits

Final acceptance requires the current standard, product form, dimensions, delivery condition and heat-specific MTC.

Impact & Toughness

Toughness, impact and fracture behaviour

Impact resistance is indexed at 50/100 and toughness at 49/100. These are not Charpy or Izod energy values; temperature, orientation, geometry and actual microstructure govern component behaviour.

50/100moderateComparison index

Microstructure, hardness and grain size influence impact tolerance.
Sharp radii, notches and surface defects reduce fracture resistance.
Test temperature, specimen direction and section must be identified.
For critical parts, accept impact energy only from a documented test of the same condition.

Temperature & Creep

Service temperature, thermal stability and creep

Temperature-dependent properties require grade-specific condition and test data. 250–600 °C is a screening range or sourced limit according to its evidence label. Check strength loss, oxidation, creep, exposure time and environment.

Continuous service

250–600 °CEngineering guidance

Review the limit against strength or hardness loss and exposure time.

Intermittent service

Do not assign an intermittent limit without product-specific source data.

Tempering and phase stability

Working and coating temperatures must remain compatible with the tempering condition and required microstructure.

Oxidation and environment

Oxidation or corrosion may become limiting before the strength criterion.

Relative creep resistance32/100Comparison index

The relative creep index is 32/100 (low). It is not an allowable creep stress or rupture-life value.

Do not select this grade for long-term static high-temperature loading from the internal index alone.

Wear & Surface Behaviour

Wear resistance and surface behaviour

Abrasive wear

Wear resistance depends on hardness, microstructure/carbides and the wear mechanism. The abrasive-wear index is 70/100; final hardness, carbides, microstructure, contact mode and lubrication govern actual resistance.

Comparison index

Adhesive wear

Assess adhesive wear with the counterface material, lubrication, roughness, pressure and temperature.

Engineering analysis

Surface improvement

Evaluate surface treatment or coating only after confirming compatibility with chemistry, substrate and process temperature.

Engineering guidance

Mechanical & Physical Properties

Mechanical and physical properties

No complete sourced numerical mechanical set is stored for this condition; labelled comparison indices are shown instead of invented test values.

Comparative property	Internal index	Information type
Hardness potential	70 / 100	Comparison index
Toughness	49 / 100	Comparison index
Impact resistance	50 / 100	Comparison index
Bending resistance	65 / 100	Comparison index
Abrasive wear	70 / 100	Comparison index
Corrosion resistance	54 / 100	Comparison index
Weldability	10 / 100	Comparison index
Machinability	43 / 100	Comparison index
High-temperature strength	40 / 100	Comparison index
Creep resistance	32 / 100	Comparison index
Fatigue resistance	53 / 100	Comparison index

Physical properties

Density, elastic modulus, expansion and conductivity depend on family, temperature and product condition. Use grade- and product-specific values for precise calculations.

Obtain density and expansion data from the product data sheet for dimensional calculations.
Elastic modulus and conductivity vary with temperature.

Engineering analysis

Heat Treatment

Heat-treatment stages and process controls

The representative family route is austenitising, quenching and tempering, followed by surface finishing and passivation where appropriate. Numerical temperatures are shown only when supported by the record.

Quenching / controlled cooling

Engineering guidance

Choose the quench medium and cooling severity against hardenability, geometry, distortion and crack risk.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Annealing / stress relief

Engineering guidance

Assess the supply condition, residual stress, section size and prior machining before selecting time and temperature.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Preheating and austenitising

Engineering guidance

Set preheat steps and austenitising parameters from the grade/product data sheet and actual section size.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Quenching / controlled cooling

Engineering guidance

Choose the quench medium and cooling severity against hardenability, geometry, distortion and crack risk.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Tempering / property adjustment

Engineering guidance

Set tempering or ageing to the required hardness, toughness and service-temperature balance.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Tempering / property adjustment

Engineering guidance

Set tempering or ageing to the required hardness, toughness and service-temperature balance.

Cooling: Grade- and process-specific cooling

Process control: Review delivery condition, actual section, equipment capability, crack and distortion risk and target hardness before approving the cycle.

Engineering Charts

Hardness, toughness, impact, temperature and process charts

Chemistry data retain their evidence label; 0–100 charts are internal indices and stages without temperature are process sequences.

Multi-axis engineering profile

Comparison index

Chemical composition

Derived from source data

Hardness–toughness balance

Comparison index

Toughness, impact and fatigue

Comparison index

Wear and surface response

Comparison index

Mechanical properties or comparison indices

Comparison index

Service temperature

Engineering guidance

Heat treatment

Engineering guidance

Related-grade similarity

Comparison index

All comparison indices

Comparison index

Failure Modes & Selection

Potential failure modes and selection guidance

Potential failure mechanisms

reduced toughness, weld cracking or localised corrosion when maximum hardness is pursued without process control.
Fatigue initiation from surface defects, section transitions or stress concentration.
Property loss after unsuitable heat treatment, cooling or finishing.
Corrosion, oxidation or environmental attack when protection is inadequate.

Selection and design notes

Match designation, material number, product standard and supply form before purchase.
Compare the governing failure mechanism with hardness 70, toughness 49, impact 50 and wear 70 indices out of 100.
Use mechanical values only within their cited condition, dimensions and test temperature.
Confirm the heat-treatment route and target hardness with the processor before final machining.
Review the heat number, MTC and required test results before release.

Derived calculations

Pitting-resistance equivalent PREN (indicative)12.5 Calculated

Calculated from recorded inputs; apply only within the stated formula scope and limitations.

Advantages & Limitations

Advantages, limitations and unsuitable applications

Advantages

a useful combination of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance.
A clearly labelled engineering profile supports comparison with related grades.
Grade identity, chemistry, counterparts and references remain traceable in one dossier.

Limitations and weaknesses

reduced toughness, weld cracking or localised corrosion when maximum hardness is pursued without process control.
A 0–100 index cannot be converted into design stress, impact energy or creep life.
Hardness and toughness depend on section, delivery condition and actual processing.
Do not approve a substitute before checking the product standard and heat-specific MTC.

Cases requiring caution or an alternative material

Critical design without condition- and section-specific test dataDirect substitution based only on name or similarity scoreLong-term creep service without sourced time–stress–temperature datareduced toughness, weld cracking or localised corrosion when maximum hardness is pursued without process control

Applications & Processing

Industrial applications and processing

Typical applications

Shafts, axles and rotating machine components
Industrial blades, knives and cutting tools
Valves, pumps and flanges
Wear-resistant machine and surface-contact components
cutlery and cutting components
valve, pump and turbine parts
wear-resistant stainless shafts
hardenable corrosion-resistant machine parts

Manufacture, welding and surface engineering

Weldability has an internal index of 10/100 (very low). Actual performance requires a documented product condition, heat treatment and test context.

Forming and forging depend on steel family, delivery condition and the grade-specific qualified temperature range.

Clean and passivate after fabrication or welding where the specification requires it.
Electropolishing may be used where cleanliness or corrosion performance requires it.
Prevent free-iron contamination and preserve the specified surface condition.

Engineering Conclusion

Engineering conclusion and selection recommendation

AISI 414 is worth evaluating when the principal need is a useful combination of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Internal indices of hardness 70/100, toughness 49/100, impact 50/100 and wear 70/100 must be aligned with the real failure mechanism. The leading risk is reduced toughness, weld cracking or localised corrosion when maximum hardness is pursued without process control. Final approval requires the current standard, product form, dimensions, delivery condition, heat treatment and heat-specific MTC.

Engineering analysis

Shaygan Steel — the right choice in alloy steel

Compare with other steels View similar steels

Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently asked questions

What is AISI 414 steel?

Martensitic stainless steel, heat-treatable to high hardness with lower corrosion resistance than austenitic grades.

What are the main applications of AISI 414?

Application contexts include Shafts, axles and rotating machine components, Industrial blades, knives and cutting tools, Valves, pumps and flanges and Wear-resistant machine and surface-contact components, subject to the product standard and actual condition.

How hard can AISI 414 be?

Hardness and hardenability are condition-dependent; numeric values require grade-specific heat-treatment context. Internal screening index: 70/100 (high).

Is AISI 414 suitable for impact loading?

Impact resistance is indexed at 50/100 and toughness at 49/100. These are not Charpy or Izod energy values; temperature, orientation, geometry and actual microstructure govern component behaviour.

What is the service-temperature limit of AISI 414?

Can AISI 414 be replaced by a close grade?

Approve substitution only after matching chemistry, specification, product form, condition, heat treatment and MTC.

Steel Comparison

Engineering steel comparison

Compare this grade with any other dossier. Scores from 0 to 100 are internal screening indices, not laboratory values or allowable design stresses.

Close suggestions:

Search for the second steel

Current gradeAISI 414Martensitic Stainless Steels

Selected grade1.4120 / Dura 4120Martensitic Stainless Steels

Current-grade chemistry

Second-grade chemistry

Current-grade heat treatment

Second-grade heat treatment

Current-grade applications

Limitations

Second-grade applications

Limitations

Select a second grade to update the comparison.

Sources & Evidence

Sources, methodology and evidence

Sources support grade identity, recorded values or the engineering method. General guidance does not replace product-specific certification.

Grade-specific sources

Ovako Heat Treatment Guide — International grade listIdentity And Heat Treatment Model Reference · Tier A

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: identity and heat treatment model reference.

View source

Laxcon open steel grade datasetGrade Reference · Tier A-open-data

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: grade reference.

View source

Laxcon Steel grade reference — StainlessGrade Composition · Tier A-open-data

Reference supporting grade identity or recorded values; interpret it within the cited product and condition context. Role: grade composition.

View source